Tataiso ena e bontšitsoeng e bontša mathata a mang a tloaelehileng a ka hlahang ka thepa ea polymer le elastomeric e fapaneng le e hlahang ka litiiso tsa tšepe le likaroloana.
Ho hlōleha ha likarolo tsa polymer (polasetiki le elastomeric) le liphello tsa eona li ka ba tse tebileng joaloka ho hlōleha ha thepa ea tšepe.Lintlha tse hlahisitsoeng li hlalosa tse ling tsa thepa e amang likarolo tsa polymer ea lisebelisoa tse sebelisoang litsing tsa indasteri.Litaba tsena li sebetsa ho lefa le itsengO-rings, pipe e nang le line, polasetiki e matlafalitsoeng ka fiber (FRP) le pipe e nang le line.Mehlala ea thepa e kang ho kenella, mocheso oa khalase, le viscoelasticity le liphello tsa bona li tšohloa.
Ka la 28 January, 1986, koluoa ea sefofane sa Challenger se ile sa tšosa lefatše.Ho phatloha ho etsahetse hobane O-ring e ne e sa tiiseha hantle.
Liphoso tse hlalositsoeng sehloohong sena li hlahisa tse ling tsa litšobotsi tsa liphoso tse se nang tšepe tse amang thepa e sebelisoang lits'ebetsong tsa indasteri.Boemong bo bong le bo bong, ho buisanoa ka thepa ea bohlokoa ea polymer.
Li-elastomers li na le mocheso oa phetoho ea khalase, e hlalosoang e le "thempereichara eo thepa ea amorphous, e kang khalase kapa polymer, e fetohang ho tloha boemong bo brittle khalase ho ea boemong ba ductile" [1].
Li-elastomer li na le sete ea compression - "e hlalosoang e le peresente ea khatello eo elastomer e ke keng ea khona ho e hlaphoheloa kamora nako e behiloeng ka nako e itseng le mocheso" [2].Ho ea ka mongoli, khatello e bolela bokhoni ba rabara ho khutlela sebopeho sa eona sa pele.Maemong a mangata, phaello ea khatello e fokotsoa ke katoloso e itseng e etsahalang nakong ea ts'ebeliso.Leha ho le joalo, joalokaha mohlala o ka tlaase o bontša, ha ho joalo kamehla.
Phoso 1: Thempereichara e tlase (36°F) pele e qala e ile ea fella ka hore Viton O-rings e sa lekana ho Space Shuttle Challenger.Joalokaha ho boletsoe liphuputsong tse fapaneng tsa likotsi: "Ka mocheso o ka tlase ho 50 ° F, Viton V747-75 O-ring ha e feto-fetohe ka ho lekaneng ho latela ho buleha ha lekhalo la teko" [3].Thempereichara ea phetoho ea khalase e etsa hore Challenger O-ring e hlolehe ho tiisa hantle.
Bothata ba 2: Litiiso tse bontšitsoeng ho Lipapiso 1 le 2 li pepesitsoe haholo ke metsi le mouoane.Litiiso li ile tsa bokelloa setšeng ho sebelisoa ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM).Leha ho le joalo, ba ntse ba leka li-fluoroelastomers (FKM) tse kang Viton) le perfluoroelastomer (FFKM) tse kang Kalrez O-rings.Leha boholo bo fapana, li-O-rings tsohle tse bontšitsoeng ho Setšoantšo sa 2 li qala ka boholo bo lekanang:
Tse etsahetseng?Tšebeliso ea mouoane e ka ba bothata ho li-elastomers.Bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea mouoane ka holimo ho 250 ° F, ho holofala le ho honyela hoa FKM le FFKM li tlameha ho nahanoa ha ho paka lipalo tsa moralo.Li-elastomer tse fapaneng li na le melemo le likotsi tse itseng, esita le tse nang le khanyetso e phahameng ea lik'hemik'hale.Liphetoho leha e le life li hloka tlhokomelo e hlokolosi.
Lintlha tse akaretsang tsa li-elastomers.Ka kakaretso, ts'ebeliso ea li-elastomer mochesong o ka holimo ho 250 ° F le ka tlase ho 35 ° F e ikhethile 'me e ka hloka tlhahiso ea moqapi.
Ho bohlokoa ho tseba sebopeho sa elastomeric se sebelisitsoeng.Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) e ka khetholla pakeng tsa mefuta e fapaneng haholo ea li-elastomer, joalo ka EPDM, FKM le FFKM e boletsoeng ka holimo.Leha ho le joalo, ho etsa liteko ho khetholla motsoako oa FKM ho o mong ho ka ba thata.Li-O-ring tse entsoeng ke bahlahisi ba fapaneng li kanna tsa ba le li-filler tse fapaneng, li-vulcanizations le kalafo.Sena sohle se na le tšusumetso e kholo ho sete ea compression, khanyetso ea lik'hemik'hale le litšobotsi tse tlase tsa mocheso.
Li-polymers li na le liketane tse telele, tse pheta-phetoang tsa limolek'hule tse lumellang maro a itseng ho kenella ho tsona.Ho fapana le litšepe, tse nang le sebopeho sa kristale, limolek'hule tse telele li hokahane joalo ka khoele ea spaghetti e phehiloeng.'Meleng, limolek'hule tse nyenyane haholo tse kang metsi / mouoane le likhase li ka phunyeletsa.Limolek'hule tse ling li nyane ho lekana hore li kene lipakeng tsa liketane ka bomong.
Ho hloleha 3: Ka tloaelo, ho ngola tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo ea ho se atlehe ho qala ka ho fumana litšoantšo tsa likarolo.Leha ho le joalo, sekotoana sa polasetiki se bataletseng, se tenyetsehang, se monko oa peterole se amohetsoeng ka Labohlano se ne se fetohile phala e chitja e thata ka Mantaha (nako eo setšoantšo se nkiloeng ka eona).Ho tlalehoa hore karolo ena ke baki ea peipi ea polyethylene (PE) e sebelisetsoang ho sireletsa likarolo tsa motlakase tlas'a boemo ba fatše seteisheneng sa khase.Sekhechana sa polasetiki se tenyetsehang seo u se fumaneng ha sea sireletsa thapo.Ho kenella ha peterole ho ile ha baka liphetoho tsa 'mele, eseng lik'hemik'hale - pipe ea polyethylene ha ea ka ea senyeha.Leha ho le joalo, hoa hlokahala ho phunyeletsa liphaephe tse fokolang tse fokolang.
Phoso ea 4. Mehaho e mengata ea liindasteri e sebelisa liphaephe tsa tšepe tse koahetsoeng ke Teflon bakeng sa phekolo ea metsi, phekolo ea asiti le moo boteng ba litšila tsa tšepe bo sa kenyelletsoeng (mohlala, indastering ea lijo).Liphaephe tse koahetsoeng ka teflon li na le masoba a lumellang metsi ho kena sebakeng se pakeng tsa tšepe le lesela ho tsoa.Leha ho le joalo, liphaephe tse nang le mela li na le sethala sa bophelo ka mor'a ho sebelisoa nako e telele.
Setšoantšo sa 4 se bontša peipi e nang le mohala oa Teflon e 'nileng ea sebelisoa ho fana ka HCl ka lilemo tse fetang leshome.Lihlahisoa tse ngata tsa tšepe tsa tšepe li bokellana sebakeng sa annular pakeng tsa liner le pipe ea tšepe.Sehlahisoa se ile sa sutumelletsa lesela ka hare, sa baka tšenyo joalokaha ho bontšitsoe setšoantšong sa 5. Ho bola ha tšepe ho tsoela pele ho fihlela phala e qala ho tsoa.
Ho phaella moo, ho na le creep holim'a Teflon flange.Creep e hlalosoa e le deformation (deformation) tlas'a mojaro o sa khaotseng.Joalo ka litšepe, ho phatloha ha li-polymer ho eketseha ka mocheso o ntseng o eketseha.Leha ho le joalo, ho fapana le tšepe, creep e etsahala mocheso oa kamore.Ho ka etsahala hore ebe ha karolo e ka holimo ea flange e fokotseha, liboutu tsa phala ea tšepe li matlafala ho fihlela ho phatloha ha lesale ho hlaha, ho bontšoa setšoantšong.Mapetso a chitja a pepesetsa phala ea tšepe ho HCl.
Ho hloleha 5: Li-liner tsa polyethylene (HDPE) tse phahameng haholo li sebelisoa indastering ea oli le khase ho lokisa lithapo tsa ente ea metsi ea tšepe e senyehileng.Leha ho le joalo, ho na le litlhoko tse khethehileng tsa taolo bakeng sa ho imolla khatello ea liner.Lipalo 6 le 7 li bonts'a mohala o hlolehileng.Ho senyeha ha mochine o le mong oa valve ho etsahala ha khatello ea annulus e feta khatello ea ka hare ea ts'ebetso - mohala o hlōleha ka lebaka la ho kenella.Bakeng sa li-liner tsa HDPE, tsela e molemo ka ho fetisisa ea ho thibela ho hlōleha hona ke ho qoba khatello ea maikutlo e potlakileng ea pipe.
Matla a likarolo tsa fiberglass a fokotseha ka tšebeliso e pheta-phetoang.Likarolo tse 'maloa li ka senyeha' me tsa phatloha ha nako e ntse e ea.API 15 HR "High Pressure Fiberglass Linear Pipe" e na le polelo ea hore phetoho ea 20% khatellong ke moeli oa teko le tokiso.Karolo ea 13.1.2.8 ea Canadian Standard CSA Z662, Petroleum and Gas Pipeline Systems, e totobatsa hore ho feto-fetoha ha khatello ho tlameha ho bolokoa ka tlase ho 20% ea tekanyo ea khatello ea moetsi oa lipeipi.Ho seng joalo, khatello ea moralo e ka fokotsoa ho fihlela ho 50%.Ha u rala FRP le FRP ka li-cladding, meroalo ea cyclic e tlameha ho tsotelloa.
Phoso 6: Lehlakore le ka tlase (hora ea 6) la phaephe ea fiberglass (FRP) e sebelisetsoang ho fana ka metsi a letsoai le koahetsoe ka polyethylene e phahameng haholo.Karolo e hlōlehileng, karolo e ntle ka mor'a ho hlōleha, le karolo ea boraro (e emelang karolo ea morao-rao ea tlhahiso) e ile ea lekoa.Haholo-holo, karolo ea sefapano sa karolo e hlōlehileng e ne e bapisoa le karolo ea sefapano sa pipe e entsoeng esale pele ea boholo bo lekanang (sheba Litšoantšo tsa 8 le 9).Hlokomela hore karolo e hlōlehileng ea sefapano e na le mapheo a mangata a intralaminar a seng teng phala e entsoeng.Delamination e etsahetse liphaepheng tse ncha le tse hlolehileng.Delamination e tloaelehile ka fiberglass e nang le likhalase tse phahameng;Lintho tse phahameng tsa khalase li fana ka matla a maholo.Phaephe e ne e le tlas'a khatello e matla ea khatello (ho feta 20%) 'me e ile ea hlōleha ka lebaka la ho kenngoa ha libaesekele.
Setšoantšo sa 9. Mona ho na le likarolo tse ling tse peli tsa sefapano sa fiberglass e phethiloeng ka pipe ea fiberglass e nang le polyethylene e phahameng haholo.
Nakong ea ho kenya setšeng, likaroloana tse nyenyane tsa pipe li kopantsoe - likhokahano tsena li bohlokoa.Ka tloaelo, likotoana tse peli tsa liphaephe li kopantsoe hammoho 'me lekhalo pakeng tsa liphaephe le tlatsoa ka "putty".Joale manonyeletso a phuthetsoe ka likarolo tse 'maloa tsa matlafatso ea fiberglass e bophara ba bophara ebe e kenngoa ka resin.Sebaka se ka ntle sa motsoako se tlameha ho ba le seaparo se lekaneng sa tšepe.
Lisebelisoa tse seng tsa tšepe tse kang liner le fiberglass li na le viscoelastic.Le hoja tšobotsi ena e le thata ho e hlalosa, lipontšo tsa eona li tloaelehile: hangata tšenyo e etsahala nakong ea ho kenya, empa ho lutla ha ho hlahe hang-hang."Viscoelasticity ke thepa ea thepa e bonts'ang thepa ea viscous le elastic ha e holofetse.Lisebelisoa tsa viscous (joaloka mahe a linotsi) li hanana le ho phalla ha sekoahelo le ho holofala ka nako e telele ha khatello e sebelisoa.Lisebelisoa tsa elastic (tse kang tšepe) li tla holofala hang-hang, empa hape ka potlako li khutlele boemong ba tsona ba pele ka mor'a hore khatello ea maikutlo e tlosoe.Lisebelisoa tsa viscoelastic li na le thepa ka bobeli, ka hona li bonts'a deformation ea nako e fapaneng.Elasticity hangata e bakoa ke ho otlolla ha li-bond haufi le lifofane tsa kristale ka lintho tse tiileng tse hlophisitsoeng, athe viscosity e bakoa ke ho ata ha liathomo kapa limolek'hule ka har'a thepa ea amorphous ”[4].
Fiberglass le likarolo tsa polasetiki li hloka tlhokomelo e khethehileng nakong ea ho kenya le ho sebetsana.Ho seng joalo, li ka 'na tsa phatloha' me tšenyo e ka 'na ea se ke ea bonahala ho fihlela nako e telele ka mor'a tlhahlobo ea hydrostatic.
Ho hloleha ho hoholo ha likhalase tsa fiberglass ho etsahala ka lebaka la tšenyo nakong ea ho kenya [5].Teko ea Hydrostatic ea hlokahala empa ha e bone tšenyo e nyane e ka hlahang nakong ea ts'ebeliso.
Setšoantšo sa 10. Mona ke likhokahano tse ka hare (ka ho le letšehali) le tsa ka ntle (ka ho le letona) lipakeng tsa likarolo tsa lipeipi tsa fiberglass.
Phoso ea 7. Setšoantšo sa 10 se bontša ho hokahanya ha likarolo tse peli tsa liphaephe tsa fiberglass.Setšoantšo sa 11 se bontša karolo ea sefapano sa khokahanyo.Sebaka se ka ntle sa pipe ha sea ka sa matlafatsoa ka ho lekaneng 'me se tiisitsoe,' me phala e ile ea robeha nakong ea lipalangoang.Litlhahiso tsa ho matlafatsa manonyeletso li fanoe ka DIN 16966, CSA Z662 le ASME NM.2.
Liphaephe tse phahameng tsa polyethylene li bobebe, ha li bola, 'me li atisa ho sebelisoa bakeng sa lipeipi tsa khase le metsi, ho kenyeletsa le liphaephe tsa mollo libakeng tsa fektheri.Liphoso tse ngata meleng ena li amahanngoa le tšenyo e fumanoeng nakong ea mosebetsi oa ho cheka [6].Leha ho le joalo, ho hloleha ha crack growth (SCG) butle-butle ho ka boela ha etsahala ka khatello e batlang e le tlase le mathata a fokolang.Ho ea ka litlaleho, "SCG ke mokhoa o tloaelehileng oa ho hlōleha liphaepheng tsa polyethylene (PE) tse ka tlas'a lefatše tse nang le bophelo ba lilemo tse 50" [7].
Phoso 8: SCG e thehile hose ea mollo ka mor'a lilemo tse fetang 20 tsa tšebeliso.Ho robeha ha eona ho na le litšobotsi tse latelang:
Ho hloleha ha SCG ho khetholloa ka mokhoa oa ho robeha: e na le deformation e fokolang 'me e hlaha ka lebaka la mehele e mengata ea concentric.Hang ha sebaka sa SCG se eketseha hoo e ka bang 2 x 1.5 inches, ho phatloha ho ata ka potlako 'me likarolo tsa macroscopic ha li bonahale haholo (Lipalo 12-14).Mohala o ka ba le liphetoho tsa mojaro tse fetang 10% beke le beke.Manonyeletso a khale a HDPE a tlalehiloe a hanana le ho hloleha ka lebaka la ho feto-fetoha ha mojaro ho feta manonyeletso a khale a HDPE [8].Leha ho le joalo, lits'ebeletso tse teng li lokela ho nahana ka ho nts'etsapele SCG joalo ka lilemo tsa lithapo tsa mollo tsa HDPE.
Setšoantšo sa 12. Setšoantšo sena se bontša moo lekala la T le kopanang le phala e kholo, ho etsa lekhalo le bontšitsoeng ke motsu o mofubelu.
Raese.14. Mona u ka bona haufi le sebaka sa fracture ea lekala le bōpehileng joaloka T ho phala e kholo e bōpehileng joaloka T.Ho na le mapetsong a totobetseng holim'a bokahare bo ka hare.
Lijana tsa Bongata tse Mahareng (IBCs) li loketse ho boloka le ho tsamaisa lik'hemik'hale tse nyane (Setšoantšo sa 15).Li tšepahala hoo ho leng bonolo ho lebala hore ho hlōleha ha tsona ho ka baka kotsi e khōlō.Leha ho le joalo, ho hlōleha ha MDS ho ka fella ka tahlehelo e kholo ea lichelete, tse ling tsa tsona li hlahlojoa ke bangoli.Ho hloleha ho hoholo ho bakoa ke ho tšoara hampe [9-11].Le hoja IBC e bonahala e le bonolo ho e hlahloba, ho thata ho lemoha mapetsong a HDPE a bakoang ke ho tšoaroa ka tsela e sa lokelang.Bakeng sa batsamaisi ba thepa lik'hamphaning tse atisang ho sebetsana le lik'hontheinara tse ngata tse nang le lihlahisoa tse kotsi, tlhahlobo ea ka ntle le e phethahetseng ea ka ntle le ka hare ke tlamo.United States.
Tšenyo le botsofali ba Ultraviolet (UV) li atile ho li-polymers.Sena se bolela hore re tlameha ho latela ka hloko litaelo tsa polokelo ea O-ring le ho nahana ka phello ea bophelo ba likarolo tse ka ntle tse kang litanka tse bulehileng tse holimo le li-linings tsa matangoana.Le hoja re hloka ho ntlafatsa (ho fokotsa) tekanyetso ea tlhokomelo, tlhahlobo e 'ngoe ea likarolo tsa ka ntle e hlokahala, haholo-holo tse pepesehileng letsatsing (Setšoantšo sa 16).
Litšobotsi tse kang mocheso oa phetoho ea khalase, sete ea compression, ho kenella, mocheso oa kamore, viscoelasticity, propagation butle ea crack, joalo-joalo li khetholla litšobotsi tsa ts'ebetso ea likarolo tsa polasetiki le elastomeric.Ho netefatsa tlhokomelo e sebetsang le e sebetsang ea likarolo tsa bohlokoa, thepa ena e tlameha ho tsotelloa, 'me li-polymer li tlameha ho hlokomela thepa ena.
Bangoli ba rata ho leboha bareki ba nang le temohisiso le basebetsi-'moho le bona ka ho arolelana seo ba se fumaneng le indasteri.
1. Lewis Sr., Richard J., Hawley's Concise Dictionary of Chemistry, khatiso ea bo12, Thomas Press International, London, UK, 1992.
2. Mohloli oa Marang-rang: https://promo.parker.com/promotionsite/oring-ehandbook/us/en/ehome/laboratory-compression-set.
3. Lach, Cynthia L., Phello ea Mocheso le O-Ring Surface Treatment ka Matla a Tiiso ea Viton V747-75.NASA Technical Paper 3391, 1993, https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19940013602.pdf.
5. Mekhoa e Molemo ka ho Fetisisa bakeng sa Bahlahisi ba Oli le Khase ba Canada (CAPP), "Ho Sebelisa Pipeline e Matlafalitsoeng (e seng Metallic)," April 2017.
6. Maupin J. le Mamun M. Ho hloleha, Kotsi le Kotsi Analysis ea Plastic Pipe, DOT Project No. 194, 2009.
7. Xiangpeng Luo, Jianfeng Shi le Jingyan Zheng, Mechanis of Slow Crack Growth ka Polyethylene: Finite Element Methods, 2015 ASME Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference, Boston, MA, 2015.
8. Oliphant, K., Conrad, M., le Bryce, W., Mokhathala oa Pipe ea Metsi a Plastiki: Tlhahlobo ea Theknoloji le Litlhahiso tsa Moqapi oa Mokhathala oa PE4710 Pipe, Tlaleho ea Teknoloji molemong oa Mokhatlo oa Plastic Pipe, May 2012.
9. CBA/SIA Tataiso bakeng sa Polokelo ea Liquids ka har'a Lits'oants'o tsa Bongata ba Mahareng, ICB Issue 2, October 2018 Online: www.chemical.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/ibc-guidance-issue-2- 2018-1.pdf.
10. Beale, Christopher J., Way, Charter, Lisosa tsa IBC Leaks in Chemical Plants - Analysis of Operating Experience, Seminar Series No. 154, IChemE, Rugby, UK, 2008, Inthaneteng: https://www.icheme.org/media/9737/xx-paper-42.pdf.
11. Madden, D., Ho Hlokomela Lithako tsa IBC: Malebela a Hlano a ho Etsa Hore a Qetele, a kentsoe ho Bulk Containers, IBC Totes, Sustainability, e behiloeng ho blog.containerexchanger.com, September 15, 2018.
Ana Benz ke Moenjiniere e Moholo ho IRISNDT (5311 86th Street, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6E 5T8; Phone: 780-577-4481; Email: [imeile e sirelelitsoeng]).O sebelitse e le setsebi sa kutu, ho hloleha le ho hlahloba lilemo tse 24.Phihlelo ea hae e kenyelletsa ho etsa tlhahlobo a sebelisa mekhoa e tsoetseng pele ea ho hlahloba le ho hlophisa mananeo a tlhahlobo ea limela.Mercedes-Benz e sebeletsa indasteri ea ho lokisa lik'hemik'hale, limela tsa petrochemical, limela tsa manyolo le limela tsa nickel lefatšeng ka bophara, hammoho le limela tsa tlhahiso ea oli le khase.O fumane lengolo la boenjineri ba thepa ho tsoa Universidad Simon Bolivar ea Venezuela le lengolo la masters la boenjineri ba thepa ho tsoa Univesithing ea British Columbia.O na le litifikeiti tse ngata tsa Canadian General Standards Board (CGSB) tse sa senyeheng, hammoho le setifikeiti sa API 510 le setifikeiti sa CWB Group Level 3.Benz e ne e le setho sa Lekala la Phethahatso la NACE Edmonton ka lilemo tse 15 mme o kile a sebeletsa maemong a fapaneng le Mokhatlo oa Canada oa Welding oa Lekala la Edmonton.
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